A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper practicing of its metabolism. vital nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in plenty quantities, and hence must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not add together the three extra groups of necessary nutrients: minerals, valuable fatty acids, and necessary amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as capably as all-trans-beta-carotene and extra provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic critical or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue accrual and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, modifiable mineral metabolism for bones and further organs. The B profound vitamins piece of legislation as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E play in as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to get so.
Before 1935, the on your own source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the outcome was vitamin deficiency and consequent nonappearance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B profound and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the addition production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated addition of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic barbed supplementation during pregnancy shortened risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who only a rarefied of micronutrients valuable to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. subsequent to this presumption was vanguard sure not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) along with 1913 and 1948.
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