A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside united chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an valuable micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper in force of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in plenty quantities, and correspondingly must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not swell the three other groups of valuable nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and critical amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of amalgamated molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic critical or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue enlargement and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and supplementary organs. The B obscure vitamins perform as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E proceed as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to get so.
Before 1935, the lonesome source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the result was vitamin nonexistence and consequent deficiency diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the buildup production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated addition of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic pointed supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who and no-one else a profound of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. bearing in mind this presumption was cutting edge distinct not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948.
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