A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside joined chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an indispensable micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper committed of its metabolism. valuable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in ample quantities, and as a result must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not include the three further groups of valuable nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and critical amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as capably as all-trans-beta-carotene and additional provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic caustic or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue lump and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, amendable mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B mysterious vitamins affect as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E undertaking as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to accomplish so.
Before 1935, the by yourself source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the result was vitamin lack and consequent deficiency diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B rarefied and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the growth production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated addition of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic caustic supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who without help a obscure of micronutrients necessary to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. like this presumption was well along clear not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) in the middle of 1913 and 1948.
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