Vitamin

A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules nearby joined chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper committed of its metabolism. valuable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in sufficient quantities, and in view of that must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not enhance the three additional groups of necessary nutrients: minerals, indispensable fatty acids, and critical amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of joined molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as competently as all-trans-beta-carotene and additional provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic sharp or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue increase and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, modifiable mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B mysterious vitamins feign as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E decree as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to get so.

Before 1935, the single-handedly source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin deficiency and consequent nonattendance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B highbrow and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the deposit production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated auxiliary of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic sharp supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who deserted a complex of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. past this presumption was highly developed determined not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) amongst 1913 and 1948.

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